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1 data science laboratory
Техника: научная лаборатория обработки данныхУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > data science laboratory
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2 computer-science laboratory
automatic data processing• atk-laboratorio -
3 experimental science
экспериментальная наука; экспериментальный (эмпирический) подходв отличие от фундаментальных наук (pure science); например, experimental physics - экспериментальная физика.Experimental science provides data for computational science, and the latter can model processes that are hard to approach in the laboratory. — Экспериментальная наука предоставляет данные для вычислительной науки, позволяющей моделировать процессы, которые трудно воспроизвести в лабораторных условиях см. тж. computational science, experimental
Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > experimental science
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4 DSL
1) Компьютерная техника: Days Since Login, Dedicated System Line, Direct Swift Link2) Американизм: Driveway Site Liaison3) Военный термин: Defence Standards Laboratories, Detroit Signal Laboratory, Document Summary List4) Техника: data science laboratory, digital subscriber loop, drawing and specification listing, dynamic super loudness5) Химия: Domestic Substances List6) Грубое выражение: Damn Standard Line, Darn Shaky Link, Darn Slow Line, Dick Sucking Lips, Die Slowly Loser7) Сокращение: Digital Subscriber Line (high speed Internet access on telephone wires such as ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL), Список химических веществ, реализуемых и используемых в стране (Domestic Substances List, http://www.cen-rce.org/eng/projects/cepa/index.html)8) Вычислительная техника: digital simulation language, Dialogue Scripting Language (DCE, UIL), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Digital system Specification Language (HDL), Distributed Service Logic (IN), подмножество языка базы данных, язык программирования, ориентированный на моделирование9) Нефть: digital sonic log10) Банковское дело: внутридневной лимит11) Фирменный знак: Dark Star Ltd12) Экология: Deep Scattering Layer, Канадский перечень производственных запасов (как вариант), Domestic Substance List (сокр.) (список (перечень) отечественных веществ)13) Деловая лексика: Direct Service Line14) Нефтепромысловый: Перечень веществ, разрешённых к пребыванию / ввозу в страну (http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_russian/science/332957-domestic_substances_list.html)15) Программирование: язык предметной области (Domain Specific Language)16) Контроль качества: Defense Standards Laboratories17) Расширение файла: Data Set Label, Digital Subscriber Line, Dynamic Simulation Language18) Электротехника: dynamic stability limit19) Чат: Do Shout Loudly, Doesn't Seem Likely20) NYSE. Downey Financial Corporation -
5 dsl
1) Компьютерная техника: Days Since Login, Dedicated System Line, Direct Swift Link2) Американизм: Driveway Site Liaison3) Военный термин: Defence Standards Laboratories, Detroit Signal Laboratory, Document Summary List4) Техника: data science laboratory, digital subscriber loop, drawing and specification listing, dynamic super loudness5) Химия: Domestic Substances List6) Грубое выражение: Damn Standard Line, Darn Shaky Link, Darn Slow Line, Dick Sucking Lips, Die Slowly Loser7) Сокращение: Digital Subscriber Line (high speed Internet access on telephone wires such as ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL), Список химических веществ, реализуемых и используемых в стране (Domestic Substances List, http://www.cen-rce.org/eng/projects/cepa/index.html)8) Вычислительная техника: digital simulation language, Dialogue Scripting Language (DCE, UIL), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Digital system Specification Language (HDL), Distributed Service Logic (IN), подмножество языка базы данных, язык программирования, ориентированный на моделирование9) Нефть: digital sonic log10) Банковское дело: внутридневной лимит11) Фирменный знак: Dark Star Ltd12) Экология: Deep Scattering Layer, Канадский перечень производственных запасов (как вариант), Domestic Substance List (сокр.) (список (перечень) отечественных веществ)13) Деловая лексика: Direct Service Line14) Нефтепромысловый: Перечень веществ, разрешённых к пребыванию / ввозу в страну (http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_russian/science/332957-domestic_substances_list.html)15) Программирование: язык предметной области (Domain Specific Language)16) Контроль качества: Defense Standards Laboratories17) Расширение файла: Data Set Label, Digital Subscriber Line, Dynamic Simulation Language18) Электротехника: dynamic stability limit19) Чат: Do Shout Loudly, Doesn't Seem Likely20) NYSE. Downey Financial Corporation -
6 DSL
1. data science laboratory - научная лаборатория обработки данных;2. data set label - метка набора данных;3. deep scattering layer - глубокий рассеивающий слой;4. diesel - дизель;5. digital simulation language - язык цифрового моделирования;6. digital subscriber line - цифровая абонентская линия;7. digital subscriber loop - цифровой абонентский шлейф;8. drawing and specification listing - распечатка чертежа и технических спецификаций;9. dynamic simulation language - язык моделирования динамики;10. dynamic super loudness - расширитель динамического диапазона -
7 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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8 Forrester, Jay Wright
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 14 July 1918 Anselmo, Nebraska, USA[br]American electrical engineer and management expert who invented the magnetic-core random access memory used in most early digital computers.[br]Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Academy of Engineering 1967. George Washington University Inventor of the Year 1968. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal 1969. Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Award for Outstanding Accomplishments 1972. Computer Society Pioneer Award 1972. Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honour 1972. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1979. Magnetics Society Information Storage Award 1988. Honorary DEng Nebraska 1954, Newark College of Engineering 1971, Notre Dame University 1974. Honorary DSc Boston 1969, Union College 1973. Honorary DPolSci Mannheim University, Germany. Honorary DHumLett, State University of New York 1988.Bibliography1951, "Data storage in three dimensions using magnetic cores", Journal of Applied Physics 20: 44 (his first description of the core store).Publications on management include: 1961, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1968, Principles of Systems, 1971, Urban Dynamics, 1980, with A.A.Legasto \& J.M.Lyneis, System Dynamics, North Holland. 1975, Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.Further ReadingK.C.Redmond \& T.M.Smith, Project Whirlwind, the History of a Pioneer Computer (provides details of the Whirlwind computer).H.H.Goldstine, 1993, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (for more general background to the development of computers).Serrell et al., 1962, "Evolution of computing machines", Proceedings of the Institute ofRadio Engineers 1,047.M.R.Williams, 1975, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic CallandKF -
9 Wilkes, Maurice Vincent
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 June 1913 Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England[br]English physicist who was jointly responsible for the construction of the EDS AC computer.[br]Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Stourbridge, where he began to make radio sets and read Wireless World, Wilkes went to St John's College, Cambridge, in 1931, graduating as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1934. He then carried out research at the Cavendish Laboratory, becoming a demonstrator in 1937. During the Second World War he worked on radar, differential analysers and operational research at the Bawdsey Research Station and other air-defence establishments. In 1945 he returned to Cambridge as a lecturer and as Acting Director of the Mathematical (later Computer) Laboratory, serving as Director from 1946 to 1970.During the late 1940s, following visits to the USA for computer courses and to see the ENIAC computer, with the collaboration of colleagues he constructed the Cambridge University digital computer EDSAC (for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), using ultrasonic delay lines for data storage. In the mid-1950s a second machine, EDSAC2, was constructed using a magnetic-core memory. In 1965 he became Professor of Computer Technology. After retirement he worked for the Digital Electronic Corporation (DEC) from 1981 to 1986, serving also as Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1981 to 1985. In 1990 he became a research strategy consultant to the Olivetti Research Directorate.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1956. First President, British Computer Society 1957–60. Honorary DSc Munich 1978, Bath 1987. Honorary DTech Linkoping 1975. FEng 1976. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1981.Bibliography1948, "The design of a practical high-speed computing machine", Proceedings of the Royal Society A195:274 (describes EDSAC).1949, Oscillation of the Earth's Atmosphere.1951, Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, New York: Addison-Wesley.1956, Automatic Digital Computers, London: Methuen. 1966, A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis.1968, Time-Sharing Computer Systems: McDonald \& Jane's.1979, The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System: H.Holland.1985, Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press (autobiography).Further ReadingB.Randell (ed.), 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.KFBiographical history of technology > Wilkes, Maurice Vincent
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